So, is there a common thread to these different ways fo referring "voice" in written language? What is it? Are there other ways of using "voice" that I haven't mentioned? One could describe Questlove's recent film Summer of Soul (which is about the Harlem Cultural Festival of 1969) as simultaneously showcasing Black voices and as redeeming the erasure of "the Black voice" from the mainstream cultural history of the 1960s. "Voice" is also associated with individual as well as collective perspectives of a more general nature.
the "Black voice" of Jim, the formerly enslaved character in Huckleberry Finn is based in speech patterns that Twain may have heard and studied. "Voice is also associated with direct quotation, which may or may not include dialect or style markers that flesh out social identity, i.e. To refer to Dorothy Sayers' "dry voice" is to say something about her outlook as well as her writing style.
passive voice) and (2) the use of stylistic elements to stamp the persona of the author(and/or a character) with identity characteristics- this is closely related to the idea of point of view (POV).Ĭomplexities emerge when we look more closely at (2), since "voice" is used in all kinds of more-or-less metaphorical ways. hi s), so minimal pairs are based upon the phonetic transcription rather than the spelling.The two most common frames of reference seem to be (1) agency attribution at the level of sentence structure (active vs. Finally, note too that spelling, particularly English spelling, does not always correctly reflect the contrast in sound (as in hi ss vs. p ut) all are equally valid as proof of the phoneme’s ability to make a difference between words. Note that both vowels, such as /ɪ, ʊ, æ, ɛ/, and consonants, such as /p, b, m, n/, are phonemes, and furthermore, that a contrast between two words in a minimal pair can be made by the sounds at the beginning ( could vs. Some minimal pairs and phonemes of English The appearance of special phonetic diacritics, such as will be explained shortly none of them is responsible for a contrast in English. Some examples are provided in (1), following the convention that phonemes are provided inside slanted brackets / /, while the phonetics are provided in square brackets. 117) is based on its ability to distinguish meaning in minimal pairs: “the phoneme is the smallest potential unit of difference between similar words recognizable as different to the native ”. Thus the definition of the phoneme, as in Swadesh (1934, p. Such pairs of words are called “ minimal pairs”: words that differ in only a single sound but differ in meaning. Changing one phoneme changes the meaning of a word for example, the words pat and bat are identical except for the initial sounds, which are therefore responsible for indicating the difference in meaning between the two words. The idea goes back to Saussure (1916/1959), who argued that the role of sounds in language is to make contrasts among words: “Phonemes are characterized…simply by the fact that they are distinct” (p. Phonology begins with the study of which sounds are capable of making a meaningful difference between words, and organizing these sounds into distinct phonemes. However, not all of these phonetic sounds and distinctions do equal work in English, or in any language. Increased phonetic sophistication has allowed us to distinguish a vast variety of phonetic sounds used in English.
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